Textile industry is known for its significant contribution to the global economy; however, it poses considerable environmental challenges due to extensive water use and the generation of textile effluent as wastewater into the environment. Unregulated discharge of untreated/inadequately treated textile wastewater into water bodies and on the land leads to health hazards. Conventional wastewater technologies are quite expensive and even inefficient to treat all wastewater generated from clusters of textile units. In recent decades, advanced and innovative technologies have been explored to treat wastewater effectively with sustainable approaches including the application of nanomaterials. The present study presents a comprehensive review of the advancements in the utilization of nanomaterials for treating textile effluents. Nanomaterials are characterized by unique properties at the nanoscale and have shown great potential in improving wastewater treatment efficiency. Objective of the present review was to outline the current state-of-the-art developments in the application of nanomaterials and their corresponding treatment mechanisms in the context of textile wastewater. Present review encompasses a wide range of nanomaterials, including nanoparticles, nanocomposites, and nanocatalysts, and their diverse roles in addressing various challenges associated with textile wastewater, such as color removal, organic pollutant degradation, and disinfection for recycling and reuse of treated water. Furthermore, it also examines the challenges and opportunities of nanotechnology in its treatment processes. Finally, the review concludes with an outlook on future research directions, emphasizing the need for interdisciplinary collaborations, optimization of nanomaterial-based processes, and the development of reliable and cost-effective methods for textile effluent treatment and disposal.

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