Nanofluids are extensively utilized in metal machining operations. In contemporary times, there has been a notable surge in the utilization of challenging-to-cut materials. This trend is primarily driven by the need to enhance the dependability of critical products operating under elevated temperatures, while also minimizing wear and maximizing strength. Traditionally, the machining of such materials necessitated the implementation of specialized machining processes. However, the process of mass production is characterized by its time-consuming nature and its propensity to significantly escalate manufacturing expenses. To address these challenges, the present study has opted for the utilization of computer numerical control (CNC) machining, specifically focusing on CNC turning centres. The cooling process assumes a crucial role due to the high cutting velocity and utilization of much harder tools in this specific procedure. In this study, the utilization of preferred refined waste cooking oil as the primary fluid and the incorporation of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles as additives to enhance cooling effects were examined. Additionally, other crucial factors such as spindle speed, tool feed rate, and depth of cut were taken into account to optimize material removal rate that is maximize material removal rate during the finishing process of the components. The Taguchi method was utilized. The findings indicated that the process parameters that yielded the best results were a spindle speed of 3000 rpm, a low feed rate of 0.05 mm per revolution, a depth of cut of 0.02 mm, and a refined waste cooking oil (WCO) with a TiO₂ concentration of 0.75 wt.%.

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