Alternative internal combustion (IC) engine fuels are being tested due to increased energy consumption and pollutants. Biomass waste, algae, and plant seeds produce alternative energies. Petroleum-based IC engines cause many environmental issues. Thus, adopting an alternative fuel to an engine may require design changes to match conventional fuel performance. Mahua biodiesel and diesel blends with Al₂O₃ (Alumina) nano additive were tested in a single-cylinder compression ignition engine. Mahua biodiesel and its diesel blends with Al₂O₃ nano additive were tested in a single-cylinder compression ignition engine. Different fuels tested the engine. Mahua biodiesel blends 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 100% were tested for performance and emissions at varying loads. Compared to other biodiesel blends, 30% Mahua biodiesel + 70% diesel (B30) performed well and had low tailpipe emissions. Nano additive mixed biodiesel was made with 70% diesel, 30% mahua biodiesel, and 10, 40, and 70 ppm nano Al₂O₃. The 70- ppm alumina nano additive mixed biodiesel has improved thermal efficiency and lower emissions because nanoparticles improve fuel atomization. BTE (Brake thermal efficiency) and BSFC (Brake specific fuel consumption) of 70 ppm alumina nano blended biodiesel increased 4% and lowered 10%, respectively, compared to diesel. Mahua biodiesel blended biodiesel reduced HC (Hydrocarbon), CO (Carbon monoxide), and NOx (Nitrogen oxides) emissions by 49%, 50%, and 16%, respectively. Nano mixed Mahua biodiesel was a better alternative energy for unmodified CI (Compression ignition) engines.

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