Cancer constitutes a substantial global economic and health burden, prompting the use of conventional treatment approaches like chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgery. Unfortunately, many patients are diagnosed in the middle to advanced stages, limiting curative options. Liver cancer is particularly challenging due to its resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Conventional molecularly targeted drugs for liver cancer encounter issues such as brief effectiveness, inadequate drug concentration, and drug resistance. Therefore, it is imperative to urgently develop novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies that can enhance the diagnosis, treatment, and long-term outlook for liver cancer. Nanomedicine, a facet of nanotechnology in medical research, offers promising avenues for advanced cancer treatment. This review aims to consolidate the shortcomings of conventional HCC treatments, underscore the significance, limitations, and future potential of nanomaterial research, and outline the evolution and implementation of nanotechnology for diagnosing and treating HCC. In addition, various strategies employed for drug delivery using nanosystems and various models used for experimentation were presented in detail.

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