The modern industrial development in heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC), industrial cooling, automobile cooling, microchip cooling, phase change heat transfer and nuclear reactors has resulted in the urgent need for performance improvement in heating and cooling applications. An efficient heating and cooling system can be achieved by increasing the heat transfer process, which is a significant task in the current scenario of the enormous energy demand. Performance improvements in heating and cooling systems can be carried out through various methods. Because of recent advances in nanotechnology, researchers have tried a new idea of combining nanoparticles with a base fluid to improve the fluid thermophysical properties. The liquid consists of balanced nanoparticle sizes below 100 nm. Nanoparticles might be nanopowder or nanoparticles like MWCNT (Multi-walled carbon nanotube), Al₂O₃, TiO₂, Cu, and SiC. This idea of nanoparticle addition is introduced in the heat transfer application to enlarge the convective heat transfer coefficient and enhance the nanofluid and thermo-physical properties to study the opportunity of improving the system performance.

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